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XFS is a high performance journaling filesystem which originatedon the SGI IRIX platform. It is completely multi-threaded, cansupport large files and large filesystems, extended attributes,variable block sizes, is extent based, and makes extensive use ofBtrees (directories, extents, free space) to aid both performanceand scalability.
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Refer to the documentation at https://xfs.wiki.kernel.org/for further details. This implementation is on-disk compatiblewith the IRIX version of XFS.
Mount Options¶
When mounting an XFS filesystem, the following options are accepted.
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Sets the buffered I/O end-of-file preallocation size whendoing delayed allocation writeout (default size is 64KiB).Valid values for this option are page size (typically 4KiB)through to 1GiB, inclusive, in power-of-2 increments.
The default behaviour is for dynamic end-of-filepreallocation size, which uses a set of heuristics tooptimise the preallocation size based on the currentallocation patterns within the file and the access patternsto the file. Specifying a fixed allocsize value turns offthe dynamic behaviour.
The options enable/disable an “opportunistic” improvement tobe made in the way inline extended attributes are storedon-disk. When the new form is used for the first time whenattr2 is selected (either when setting or removing extendedattributes) the on-disk superblock feature bit field will beupdated to reflect this format being in use.
The default behaviour is determined by the on-disk featurebit indicating that attr2 behaviour is active. If eithermount option is set, then that becomes the new default usedby the filesystem.
CRC enabled filesystems always use the attr2 format, and sowill reject the noattr2 mount option if it is set.
Enable/disable the issuing of commands to let the blockdevice reclaim space freed by the filesystem. This isuseful for SSD devices, thinly provisioned LUNs and virtualmachine images, but may have a performance impact.
Note: It is currently recommended that you use the fstrimapplication to discard unused blocks rather than the discardmount option because the performance impact of this optionis quite severe.
grpid is set, it takes the group ID of thedirectory in which it is created; otherwise it takes thefsgid of the current process, unless the directory has thesetgid bit set, in which case it takes the gid from theparent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it isa directory itself.ikeep is specified, XFS does not delete empty inodeclusters and keeps them around on disk. When noikeep isspecified, empty inode clusters are returned to the freespace pool.When inode32 is specified, it indicates that XFS limitsinode creation to locations which will not result in inodenumbers with more than 32 bits of significance.
When inode64 is specified, it indicates that XFS is allowedto create inodes at any location in the filesystem,including those which will result in inode numbers occupyingmore than 32 bits of significance.
inode32 is provided for backwards compatibility with oldersystems and applications, since 64 bits inode numbers mightcause problems for some applications that cannot handlelarge inode numbers. If applications are in use which donot handle inode numbers bigger than 32 bits, the inode32option should be specified.
If nolargeio is specified, the optimal I/O reported inst_blksize by stat(2) will be as small as possible to allowuser applications to avoid inefficient read/modify/writeI/O. This is typically the page size of the machine, asthis is the granularity of the page cache.
If largeio is specified, a filesystem that was created with aswidth specified will return the swidth value (in bytes)in st_blksize. If the filesystem does not have a swidthspecified but does specify an allocsize then allocsize(in bytes) will be returned instead. Otherwise the behaviouris the same as if nolargeio was specified.
Set the number of in-memory log buffers. Valid numbersrange from 2-8 inclusive.
The default value is 8 buffers.
If the memory cost of 8 log buffers is too high on smallsystems, then it may be reduced at some cost to performanceon metadata intensive workloads. The logbsize option belowcontrols the size of each buffer and so is also relevant tothis case.
Set the size of each in-memory log buffer. The size may bespecified in bytes, or in kilobytes with a “k” suffix.Valid sizes for version 1 and version 2 logs are 16384 (16k)and 32768 (32k). Valid sizes for version 2 logs alsoinclude 65536 (64k), 131072 (128k) and 262144 (256k). Thelogbsize must be an integer multiple of the logstripe unit configured at mkfs(8) time.
The default value for version 1 logs is 32768, while thedefault value for version 2 logs is MAX(32768, log_sunit).
sunit, swidth) bymkfs(8).norecovery mode.Some files or directories may not be accessible because of this.Filesystems mounted norecovery must be mounted read-only orthe mount will fail.uuid. This is useful to mount LVM snapshot volumes,and often used in combination with norecovery for mountingread-only snapshots.Used to specify the stripe unit and width for a RAID deviceor a stripe volume. “value” must be specified in 512-byteblock units. These options are only relevant to filesystemsthat were created with non-zero data alignment parameters.
The sunit and swidth parameters specified must be compatiblewith the existing filesystem alignment characteristics. Ingeneral, that means the only valid changes to sunit areincreasing it by a power-of-2 multiple. Valid swidth valuesare any integer multiple of a valid sunit value.
Typically the only time these mount options are necessary ifafter an underlying RAID device has had it’s geometrymodified, such as adding a new disk to a RAID5 lun andreshaping it.
Removed Mount Options¶
| Name | Removed |
|---|---|
| delaylog/nodelaylog | v4.0 |
| ihashsize | v4.0 |
| irixsgid | v4.0 |
| osyncisdsync/osyncisosync | v4.0 |
| barrier | v4.19 |
| nobarrier | v4.19 |
sysctls¶
The following sysctls are available for the XFS filesystem:
A volume knob for error reporting when internal errors occur.This will generate detailed messages & backtraces for filesystemshutdowns, for example. Current threshold values are:
Causes certain error conditions to call BUG(). Value is a bitmask;OR together the tags which represent errors which should cause panics:
This option is intended for debugging only.
Removed Sysctls¶
| Name | Removed |
|---|---|
| fs.xfs.xfsbufd_centisec | v4.0 |
| fs.xfs.age_buffer_centisecs | v4.0 |
Error handling¶
XFS can act differently according to the type of error found during itsoperation. The implementation introduces the following concepts to the errorhandler:
- -failure speed:
- Defines how fast XFS should propagate an error upwards when a specificerror is found during the filesystem operation. It can propagateimmediately, after a defined number of retries, after a set time period,or simply retry forever.
- -error classes:
- Specifies the subsystem the error configuration will apply to, such asmetadata IO or memory allocation. Different subsystems will havedifferent error handlers for which behaviour can be configured.
- -error handlers:
- Defines the behavior for a specific error.
The filesystem behavior during an error can be set via sysfs files. Eacherror handler works independently - the first condition met by an error handlerfor a specific class will cause the error to be propagated rather than reset andretried.
The action taken by the filesystem when the error is propagated is contextdependent - it may cause a shut down in the case of an unrecoverable error,it may be reported back to userspace, or it may even be ignored becausethere’s nothing useful we can with the error or anyone we can report it to (e.g.during unmount).
The configuration files are organized into the following hierarchy for eachmounted filesystem:
The subsystem the error configuration belongs to. As of 4.9, the definedclasses are:
- “metadata”: applies metadata buffer write IO
Each filesystem has “global” error configuration options defined in their toplevel directory:
/sys/fs/xfs/<dev>/error/
Defines the filesystem error behavior at unmount time.
If set to a value of 1, XFS will override all other error configurationsduring unmount and replace them with “immediate fail” characteristics.i.e. no retries, no retry timeout. This will always allow unmount tosucceed when there are persistent errors present.
If set to 0, the configured retry behaviour will continue until allretries and/or timeouts have been exhausted. This will delay unmountcompletion when there are persistent errors, and it may prevent thefilesystem from ever unmounting fully in the case of “retry forever”handler configurations.
Note: there is no guarantee that fail_at_unmount can be set while anunmount is in progress. It is possible that the sysfs entries areremoved by the unmounting filesystem before a “retry forever” errorhandler configuration causes unmount to hang, and hence the filesystemmust be configured appropriately before unmount begins to preventunmount hangs.
Each filesystem has specific error class handlers that define the errorpropagation behaviour for specific errors. There is also a “default” errorhandler defined, which defines the behaviour for all errors that don’t havespecific handlers defined. Where multiple retry constraints are configured fora single error, the first retry configuration that expires will cause the errorto be propagated. The handler configurations are found in the directory:
/sys/fs/xfs/<dev>/error/<class>/<error>/
Defines the allowed number of retries of a specific error beforethe filesystem will propagate the error. The retry count for a givenerror context (e.g. a specific metadata buffer) is reset every timethere is a successful completion of the operation.
Setting the value to “-1” will cause XFS to retry forever for thisspecific error.
Setting the value to “0” will cause XFS to fail immediately when thespecific error is reported.
Setting the value to “N” (where 0 < N < Max) will make XFS retry theoperation “N” times before propagating the error.
Define the amount of time (in seconds) that the filesystem isallowed to retry its operations when the specific error isfound.
Setting the value to “-1” will allow XFS to retry forever for thisspecific error.
Setting the value to “0” will cause XFS to fail immediately when thespecific error is reported.
Setting the value to “N” (where 0 < N < Max) will allow XFS to retry theoperation for up to “N” seconds before propagating the error.
Note: The default behaviour for a specific error handler is dependent on boththe class and error context. For example, the default values for“metadata/ENODEV” are “0” rather than “-1” so that this error handler defaultsto “fail immediately” behaviour. This is done because ENODEV is a fatal,unrecoverable error no matter how many times the metadata IO is retried.
In terms of on-the-job danger, which professions do you think represent the greatest risk of sustaining personal injury? Interestingly, in the United States solid waste haulers rank third on the list, behind fishing and timber cutting. In fact, garbage collectors are injured around five to seven times more than the average worker.
One obvious way alleviate this problem would be to remove any human contact between the truck and the garbage waste itself, right?
Well, then perhaps a leaf could be taken out of Australia’s book. Thanks to the help of Finnish in-vehicle computer innovators Sunit, local waste disposal company JJ Richards and Sons has already made such a change.
Some five years ago, no less.
Historical development
These days, hundreds of garbage trucks Down Under are equipped with Sunit’s fixed-mount computers, which help do the heavy lifting along with an innovative software programme from an Australian customer.
Amongst other things, the system can identify between various waste bins on the side of the road according to the allocated colour of their lids. Such is the efficiency of this approach that although drivers work unaccompanied whilst operating the hydraulic lifting arm, the company’s volume of collection has increased significantly since implementation.
“They collect 600 bins per truck per day,” states Esa Suutari, Sunit’s head of sales and marketing. “The client designed a very rapid system. The application also takes a photo of the bin, what’s inside. It sends the picture and invoice to the customer and then sends customer statistics to the community.”
Sunit has nine different multi-purpose models on offer. Image: Sunit
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This extensive innovation is just one of Sunit’s many success stories over the past 20 years. However, its business focus has not merely been confined to waste disposal during this time.
The company’s globally certified computers also tackle a wide range of applications tailored for the likes of fuel transport vehicles, public transport, ambulances, fire engines, police cars, taxis, mining and forest trucks.
Currently, Sunit has nine different multi-purpose models on offer. Alongside meeting the challenges found on-road, off-road, in urban environments and industry, one of the main strengths of its offering is durability.
“The medium lifetime is more than 10 years,” Suutari says. “It’s a very safe product, there is no risk for fire or personal injuries in case of an accident.”
Driving global growth
From its home base in the town of Kajaani, Sunit has consistently expanded its customer base over the past two decades. Alongside Finland and Australia, its customers can also be found across Europe, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain, Chile and Canada. Given the fluctuations of the international market, the company is constantly broadening its scope, with one common thread.
“We try to find customers who require special types of computers, mostly in the purpose logistic business,” Suutari explains. “This is a vehicle that does not know in the morning where it will end up in the evening.”
And, as Sunit continues its quest for attracting further business abroad, this doesn’t mean that it will be making compromises in quality – or price – any time soon.
“Our customers say, ‘you are good, but you are expensive’,” Suutari says. “But I say that, ‘yeah, but I’m looking for customers who are successful in their business.”
Given the company’s longevity, it’s fair to say that it has been well and truly able to find such.
“It’s better to have those kinds of customers, yes,” Suutari states. “They ask for quality and durability and they look for trusted partners.”
Hundreds of JJ Richards and Sons garbage trucks in Australia are equipped with Sunit’s fixed-mount computers. Image: JJ Richards and Sons
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